Fireworks

Now that some fireworks are legal to use in Minnesota, we, as code enforcers, have a lot of questions. Below is the text of two documents from the MN State Fire Marshal's office addressing these issues. These policies are also available for downloading in pdf format by clicking on the links below.

Fact sheet for enforcement.pdf
Fireworks Fact SheetV6.pdf

Senators Voting to Legalize

Bachman, Berg, Day, Fishbach, Frederickson, Debbie Johnson, Doug Johnson, Kierlin, Kinkel, Kiscaden, Kleis, Langseth, Lesewski, Limmer, Metzen, Moua, Murphy, Neuville, Oliver, Olson, Ourada, Pariseau, Robertson, Robling, Sams, Samuelson, Scheevel, Scheid, Schwab, Solon, Stevens, Stumpf, Tomassoni, Wiener.

Represenatives Voting to Legalize

Abeler, Anderson, Anderson, Bakk, Benardy, Bishop, Blaine, Boudreau, Bradley, Buesgens, Cassell, Clark, J., Dehler, Dempsey, Dorman, Eastlund, Erickson, Finseth, Fuller, Gerlach, Goodno, Goodwin, Greiling, Gunther, Haas, Hackbarth, Hilstrom, Holberg, Holsten, Howes, Jacobson, Jaros, Jennings, Johnson, J., Jordan, Kahn, Kielkucki, Knoblach, Krinkie, Kuisle, Leighton, Leppik, Linder, Lipman, Mariani, Marquart, McElroy, Milbert, Molnau, Mulder, Nornes, Olson, Osskopp, Paulsen, Majoritiy Leader Pawlenty, Penas, Rifenberg, Rukavina, Ruth, Schumacher, Seifert, Sertich, Smith, Solberg, Stang, Swenson, Sykora, Thompson, Tuma, Vandeveer, Walker, Westberg, Westrom, Wilkin, Wolf, Workman and the Speaker of the House Sviggum.

Request

MSFCA has sent a request to the State Fire Marshal seeking clarificaiton on what has been legalized and what regulatory controls we will have to work with. They also sent a request to the League of Minnesota Cities asking for a model resolution on limiting sales of fireworks to at least fall within fire and building code provisions.

What are Municipalities doing about Fireworks?

A number of Minnesota Towns are adopting local ordinances and policies to address fireworks. The cities below have sent a copy of their proposed language to share. Please keep in mind that these documents may not have been adopted yet and could likely change before becoming law. Click on the link to download/open the document.

Shakopee Ordinance
SBM Fire Regulation
Bloomington Fireworks Doc

Fireworks Fact Sheet

April 30, 2002

Recent changes to Minnesota Statute 624.20 now allow for the public sale, possession and use of a limited number of, but not all, consumer fireworks.

Summary of Changes to Minnesota Fireworks Laws

• Sale, possession and use of some nonexplosive and nonaerial consumer fireworks is now permitted in Minnesota on or after April 30, 2002. Examples include items such as sparklers, cones and tubes that emit sparks, novelty items like snakes, and party poppers. For a complete list, see the Table on Page 2 of this fact sheet.

• These consumer fireworks may not be used on public property (i.e. parks, roads, alleys, schools, government property etc.).

• Purchasers of these fireworks must be at least 18 years old and retailers need to check photo identification.

• Sale, possession and use may occur at any time during the year.

What Requirements Have Not Changed

• Explosive and aerial fireworks are still prohibited for public sale, possession and use. Prohibited fireworks include firecrackers, bottle rockets, missiles, roman candles, mortars and shells.

• Requirements for "public" display fireworks and certification for use remain unchanged.

Questions should be directed to the State Fire Marshal Division by email to or by calling (651) 215-0500. Additional information is available at www.fire.state.mn.us

Table 1: Examples of Legal and Illegal Fireworks

EXAMPLES OF FIREWORKS THAT ARE NOW LEGAL TO SELL, POSSESS AND USE BY THE PUBLIC ON OR AFTER APRIL 30, 2002 AS PERMITTED BY MINNESOTA STATUTE 624.20 (C):

EXAMPLES OF FIREWORKS THAT CONTINUE TO BE ILLEGAL TO SELL POSSESS AND USE, EXCEPT AS PERMITTED UNDER MINNESOTA STATUTE 624.20

Wire or wood sparklers of not more than 100 grams of mixture per item

Other sparkling items which are nonexplosive and nonaerial and contain 75 grams or less of chemical mixture per tube or a total of 200 grams or less for multiple tubes and include:

Cylindrical fountain Upon ignition, a shower of colored sparks or smoke and sometimes a whistling effect is produced.

Cone Fountain The effect is the same as that of a cylindrical fountain. When more than 1 cone is mounted on a common base, total pyrotechnic composition may not exceed 200 grams

Illuminating Torch

Wheel - Pyrotechnic device intended to be attached to a post or tree by means of a nail or string. Upon ignition, the wheel revolves, producing a shower of color and sparks and, sometimes, a whistling effect

Ground Spinner - Small device venting out an orifice usually on the side of the tube. Similar in operation to a wheel but intended to be placed flat on the ground and ignited. The rapidly spinning device produces a shower of sparks and color.

Flitter Sparkler - Narrow paper tube attached to a stick or wire that produces color and sparks upon ignition. The paper at one end of the tube is ignited to make the device function.

Flash/Strobe - Emit a bright light

Novelty items such as snakes and glow worms, smoke devices, or trick noisemakers which include paper streamers, party poppers, string poppers, snappers, and drop pops, each consisting of not more than twenty-five hundredths grains of explosive mixture.

• Any fireworks that are explosive

• Any fireworks that are aerial

• Firecrackers (any size)

• Ladyfingers

• Sky rockets

• Bottle rockets

• Missile type rockets

• Helicopters, aerial spinners, planes, UFOs

• Roman Candles

• Mines or shells (heavy cardboard or paper tube(s) attached to a base – upon ignition stars, balls or reports are propelled into the air)

• Chasers

• Parachutes

• 1.3G Display (special or class B) Fireworks

• Aerial shells

• Theatrical pyrotechnics (see Minn. Stat. 624.20 to 624.25)

Basically, any fireworks listed above are still not legal for public sale, possession or use, except with a permit and by a certified operator according to Minnesota Statute 624.20. (i.e. these fireworks are still not legal unless a permit has been issued by the local jurisdiction and they are used by a state certified operator)

State Fire Marshal Fireworks Fact Sheet April 30, 2002 Page 2 of 6 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Information for Consumers of Fireworks

Each state in the United States has slightly different requirements for fireworks: some permit all 1.4G consumer fireworks; others a subset of consumer fireworks; or no fireworks at all. The recent law change would allow some, but not all, consumer fireworks to be sold and used in Minnesota. To prevent confusion, the Table on Page 2 of this fact sheet outlines the types of fireworks that may now be sold, possessed and used by the public. This table also indicates fireworks that are still not legal to sell, possess and use, except with a permit and by a certified operator. Here is a summary of the basic rules for fireworks in Minnesota:

• Only nonexplosive and nonaerial consumer fireworks are permitted to be sold, possessed and used. Examples include fireworks listed in the left hand column in the Table on Page 2 of this fact sheet.

• Fireworks that explode, leave the ground, or shoot anything other than sparks into the air are still prohibited.

• Use of these devices is not permitted on public property (i.e. parks, roads, alleys, schools, government property etc.).

• Purchasers of fireworks must be at least 18 years old and age must be verified by photo identification at the time of purchase. The only age restriction is on the purchase of fireworks – there is no age restriction on possession or use.

• There are no restrictions on the time of year for the sale, possession or use of these fireworks, nor are there restrictions on where the fireworks are purchased (in state or out of state).

• A permit or certification from the State Fire Marshal Division is not necessary for the sale, possession or use of these fireworks.

• There has been no change in the laws relating to theatrical pyrotechnics and the requirements for a permit and certified operator according to Minnesota Statute 624.20 to 624.25

• Operating outside the exception provided by Minn. Stat 624.20 (c) for sale, possession and use of fireworks is addressed in the criminal statutes of Minn. Stat. 624.20 to 624.25. According to Minn. Stat. 624.25, violations are addressed as follows:

1. if the violation involves explosive fireworks in an amount of 35 pounds gross container weight or more, to imprisonment for not more than one year, or to payment of a fine of not more than $3,000, or both;

2. if the violation involves explosive fireworks in an amount of less than 35 pounds gross container weight, to imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or to payment of a fine of not more than $700, or both; and

3. if the violation involves any amount of fireworks other than explosive fireworks, to imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or to payment of a fine of not more than $700, or both.

State Fire Marshal Fireworks Fact Sheet April 30, 2002 Page 3 of 6 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Fireworks Safety Guidelines

Fireworks are associated with many injuries nationally each year. The following safety guidelines are offered to reduce fireworks injuries, fires and nuisance complaints:

• Read, understand and follow the instructions on each device prior to using.

• Use fireworks with close adult supervision.

• Choose a safe place to use fireworks that is far from anything that could be damaged from the normal or abnormal operation of any device. Fireworks should only be ignited outdoors and away from animals, buildings, storage tanks, brush or combustible materials.

• Anyone acting in an irresponsible manner or who appears to be under the influence of alcohol or other drugs should not handle or discharge fireworks.

• Keep fireworks away from small children and store them in a cool dry location away from sources of ignition (heat and flames). Fireworks should not be allowed to become wet and should not be used when dried after becoming wet.

• Do not carry fireworks in your pocket or on your person.

• Lit cigarettes, cigars, pipes or open flames should be kept away from fireworks that are for sale or when stored.

• Never ignite fireworks inside another container, such as inside a bottle or can.

• Eye protection is recommended for those using fireworks. Never throw fireworks or aim them at another person, animal or building.

• Only light one firework device at a time, then move away from the device quickly. Keep clear of any device that has been ignited, but has yet to go off.

• If a firework device has been ignited but fails to go off, stay clear of the device for an extended period of time to prevent injury due to delayed activation. Soak the device in water before handling it.

• Never place any part of your body, especially your head, over the firework device when lighting. Approach the item from the side and light while keeping your body away from the item.

• Never relight malfunctioning fireworks. Report any defects back to the seller or the Consumer Product Safety Commission.

• Never experiment with fireworks, make your own fireworks, or alter fireworks in any manner (a strong federal prohibition exists for such activity).

State Fire Marshal Fireworks Fact Sheet April 30, 2002 Page 4 of 6 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Background on Fireworks Statutory Requirements

Requirements for fireworks can be broken down into two broad categories:

Display fireworks – 1.3G (old name was special or class B fireworks) are the large fireworks used by trained and licensed operators and are typical of what you would see presented each evening at the Taste of Minnesota or at the Minnesota State Fair. Possession and use of these display fireworks by state certified operators is covered under Minn. Stat. 624, and is not impacted by the recent law change.

Consumer fireworks – 1.4G (old name was common or class C fireworks) are small fireworks intended for public use. Prior to April 30, 2002, Minnesota Statute 624.21 prohibited all forms of consumer fireworks except for toy pistols and caps. The recent law change has added an additional exception to this statute:

(c) The term also does not include wire or wood sparklers of not more than 100 grams of mixture per item, other sparkling items which are nonexplosive and nonaerial and contain 75 grams or less of chemical mixture per tube or a total of 200 grams or less for multiple tubes, snakes and glowworms, smoke devices, or trick noisemakers which include paper streamers, party poppers, string poppers, snappers, and drop pops, each consisting of not more than twenty-five hundredths grains of explosive mixture. The use of items listed in this paragraph is not permitted on public property. This paragraph does not authorize the purchase of items listed in it by persons younger than 18 years of age. The age of a purchaser of items listed in this paragraph must be verified by photographic identification.

Thus, the items listed in (c) above are no longer considered "fireworks" for purposes of Minnesota Statute 624.20 and 624.21 and no longer require use only by state certified operators. This allows the public to use these fireworks without a permit and without a certified operator. Fireworks not included in this new language still fall under the requirements for a permit and certified operator.

All consumer fireworks sold in the US must meet the requirements of the three main federal government agencies that control fireworks: (1) The Consumer Product Safety Commission in 16 CFR 1500 and 16 CFR 1507 provides standards for the safe construction, labeling and performance of fireworks (i.e. prevention of accidental ignition or tipping during use). The CPSC also enforces a list of prohibited fireworks such as M-80’s and others. (2) The Department of Transportation 49 CFR 170-173 defines consumer 1.4G fireworks and contains requirements for transportation, labeling and shipment of fireworks. The DOT adopts by reference American Pyrotechnics Association (APA) Standard 87-1 Standard for Construction and Approval For Transportation of Fireworks, Novelties, and Theatrical Pyrotechnics. This is the main document that defines different types of fireworks, their allowable composition (weight of chemical composition) and construction. (3) Finally, the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms enforces requirements relating to the explosives nature of fireworks [27 CFR 55], such as separation distances for storage and manufacturing.

State Fire Marshal Fireworks Fact Sheet April 30, 2002 Page 5 of 6 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Information for retailers of fireworks

Here is a summary of information relating to retail sale of fireworks in Minnesota:

• Retailers should check with the local governmental entity where sales are contemplated for any additional requirements that may apply (i.e. business licenses, zoning or permits).

• No permit or license is necessary from the State Fire Marshal Division for sale, possession or use of fireworks exempted from Minnesota Statute 624.20, although one my be required locally.

• Strict adherence to state fireworks laws, especially Minn. Stat. 624.20 (c), is encouraged and expected.

• Operating outside the exception provided by Minn. Stat 624.20 (c) for sale, possession and use of fireworks is addressed in the criminal statutes of Minn. Stat. 624.20 to 624.25. According to Minn. Stat. 624.25, violations are addressed as follows:

Any person violating the provisions of sections 624.20 to 624.24 may be sentenced as follows:

1. if the violation involves explosive fireworks in an amount of 35 pounds gross container weight or more, to imprisonment for not more than one year, or to payment of a fine of not more than $3,000, or both;

2. if the violation involves explosive fireworks in an amount of less than 35 pounds gross container weight, to imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or to payment of a fine of not more than $700, or both; and

3. if the violation involves any amount of fireworks other than explosive fireworks, to imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or to payment of a fine of not more than $700, or both.

• Purchasers of legal fireworks must be at least 18 years old. Minn. Stat. 624.20 (c) requires that retailers verify age though presentation of photographic identification by the purchaser.

• The Minnesota Uniform Fire Code is adopted statewide and has provisions relating to fireworks. Retailers are encouraged to be familiar with the requirements in the Fire Code since they apply to legal fireworks.

• Smoking is not allowed in areas used for retail sale or storage of fireworks [reference: MUFC (1998) Section 1109.4.1].

• There are no provisions in the new language of Minn. Stat. 624.20 (c) that limit or prohibit advertising or mail order sales for legal fireworks. Permitted advertising and mail order sales, however, are limited to fireworks legalized by Minn. Stat. 624.20 (c) since other fireworks are still not legal for personal sale, possession or use.

State Fire Marshal Fireworks Fact Sheet April 30, 2002 Page 6 of 6 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Frequently Asked Questions on Enforcement Of the MUFC as It Relates to Fireworks

April 30, 2002

Although a new law changes the definition of fireworks in Minn. Stat 624.20(c), it does nothing to change enforcement of the Minnesota Uniform Fire Code (MUFC) as it relates to these legal consumer fireworks. As a service to the Minnesota Fire Service, the State Fire Marshal Division has assembled this list of frequently asked questions relating to fireworks and the MUFC. This analysis was done in response to a request by the Minnesota State Fire Chief’s Association. The SFMD does not recommend or approve any particular scenario or enforcement strategy, but is providing this information to encourage a thorough understanding of the material and options available.

Question 1 – Are local jurisdictions allowed to adopt requirements that exceed the fire code as it relates to fireworks?

Answer to question 1 – Yes, this has always been available to local jurisdictions and is permitted in Minn. Rules 299F.011, Subd. 4. For example, a city or town could adopt a local ordinance relating to the time of year for sale, use and possession, or could limit where fireworks are sold. This could take the form of limits on the quantities for sale, what fire safety measures must be provided for retail sales outlets or similar requirements.

Reference for question 1:

299F.011 Uniform fire code; adoption.

Subd. 4. Applicability; local authority. The uniform fire code shall be applicable throughout the state and in all political subdivisions and municipalities therein. However, nothing in this subdivision shall prohibit a local unit of government otherwise authorized by law from adopting or enforcing any ordinance or regulation which specifies requirements equal to, in addition to, or more stringent than the requirements of the uniform fire code. Any ordinance or regulation adopted by a local unit which differs from the uniform fire code must be directly related to the safeguarding of life and property from the hazards of fire, must be uniform for each class or kind of building covered, and may not exceed the applicable requirements of the uniform building code adopted pursuant to sections 16B.59 to 16B.73.

Question 2 – Retail sale of consumer fireworks is not directly addressed in the MUFC, thus would it be appropriate to reference an NFPA or other standard for fire safety requirements for retail sale?

Answer to question 2 – Yes, since the fire code has language to allow a code official to deal with hazards that arise and are not specifically addressed in the MUFC. The fire code currently regulates the storage of high hazard commodities in retail settings (group A plastics or flammable liquids, for example), so the introduction of unregulated hazards is cause for concern. Since retail sale of fireworks is not addressed by the MUFC, code officials are authorized to enforce other standards to mitigate the hazard and could include NFPA 1124, the supplement to the UFC, APA Standard 87-1, or other documents as possible choices.

Reference for question 2:

MUFC 101.3 Subjects Not Specifically Regulated by this Code. Where no applicable standards or requirements are set forth in this code, or contained within other laws, codes, regulations, ordinances or bylaws adopted by the jurisdiction, compliance with applicable standards of the National Fire Protection Association or other nationally recognized firesafety standards as are approved shall be deemed as prima facie evidence of compliance with the intent of this code. See also Section 9001.2. Nothing herein shall derogate from the power of the chief to determine compliance with codes or standards for those activities or installations within the chief's jurisdiction or responsibility.

Question 3 – Can local jurisdictions require a permit for fireworks retail sale or storage, just as they do for hazardous materials or high piled storage?

Answer to question 3 – Yes. The MUFC currently allows for permits to be obtained for fireworks and although not specific, this could include retail sale or storage operations, for example. In setting up a permit system, a community could establish the levels for the permit and any fire safety requirements necessary to operate within the permit, just as is done with other permits. Since there is not specific language in the MUFC dealing with retail sale of fireworks, a concerned community could enforce compliance with some minimum level of safety through the permit process (i.e. retail sale must meet NFPA 1124 or the UFC supplement, for example).

Reference for question 3: MUFC Section 105.8 f.2

State Fire Marshal FAQ for Enforcers April 30, 2002 Page 2 of 5 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Question 4 – Can a code official require additional fire protection systems in retail sales occupancies selling or storing fireworks or in warehouses with fireworks storage?

Answer to question 4: Yes. When a code official has determined that a special hazard exists in addition to the normal hazard of an occupancy, additional safeguards can be required. An example would be the addition of fireworks to a large storage warehouse where the sprinkler system is designed to protect class I – IV commodities and the code official is concerned about the added hazard and the ability of the sprinkler system to protect the new hazard.

Reference for question 4:

MUFC 1001.9 Special Hazards. For occupancies of an especially hazardous nature or where special hazards exist in addition to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or where access for fire apparatus is unduly difficult, the chief is authorized to require additional safeguards consisting of additional fire appliance units, more than one type of appliance, or special systems suitable for the protection of the hazard involved. Such devices or appliances can consist of automatic fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe and hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, suitable fire blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or automatic covers, carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated or dry chemical or other special fire-extinguishing systems. Where such systems are provided, they shall be designed and installed in accordance with the applicable

Question 5 – Can a code official limit smoking in retail sales buildings, warehouses or tents containing fireworks?

Answer to question 5: Yes. If the chief determines that smoking constitutes a fire hazard, the chief is authorized by the MUFC to prohibit smoking in such areas.

Reference for question 5:

MUFC 1109.4.1 Designated areas. When the chief determines that smoking constitutes a fire hazard in any areas of piers, wharves, warehouses, stores, industrial plants, institutions, schools, places of assembly and in open spaces where combustible materials are stored or handled, the chief is authorized to order the owner or occupant to post approved NO SMOKING signs in each building, structure, room or place in which smoking is prohibited. Such signs shall be conspicuously and suitably located and shall be maintained. When necessary, the chief is authorized to designate specific safe locations in any building, structure or place where smoking is allowed.

State Fire Marshal FAQ for Enforcers April 30, 2002 Page 3 of 5 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Question 6 – Can a code official prevent fireworks from being used near tents or road side stands?

Answer to question 6: Yes - for structures falling under the requirements of Article 32 (Temporary tents and membrane structures greater than 200 square feet in area), the MUFC prohibits fireworks use and open flames inside or adjacent to the structure.

Reference for question 6:

MUFC 3215.2 Fireworks, Open Flames and Hot Objects. Fireworks, open flames and devices capable of igniting combustible materials shall not be used in or adjacent to a temporary membrane structure, tent or canopy, unless otherwise approved.

Question 7 – Does Article 77 (Explosives) of the MUFC apply to the manufacture, storage and transportation of fireworks?

Answer to question 7: Yes, Article 77 (Explosives) of the MUFC applies to manufacture, storage and transportation of fireworks. There is an exception on the application of Article 77 for the sale, possession or use of fireworks, so this leaves manufacture, storage and transportation open to enforcement of Article 77. As such, the quantity limits, separation distances, storage practices etc. of Article 77 could be enforced where manufacture, storage and transportation of fireworks occurs.

Reference for question 7:

MUFC 7701.1 Scope. Manufacture, possession, storage, sale, transportation and use of explosive materials shall be in accordance with Article 77.

EXCEPTIONS:

3. The sale, possession or use of fireworks 1.4G (Class C common fireworks).

Question 8 – Does the MUFC consider fireworks to be flammable solids and subject them to the requirements for H occupancies when storing above the 125-pound limit in Article 80?

Answer to question 8: No. Although this may appear to be a possible enforcement option, the definitions in the MUFC for flammable solid do not support such a determination. Also, the examples found in Appendix Chapter VI-A, make no mention of fireworks being a flammable solid. In summary, the State Fire Marshal does not recommend using this reference in relation to consumer fireworks.

State Fire Marshal FAQ for Enforcers April 30, 2002 Page 4 of 5 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions: firecode@state.mn.us

Reference for question 8:

MUFC Definitions - FLAMMABLE SOLID is a solid substance, other than one which is defined as a blasting agent or explosive, that is liable to cause fire through friction or as a result of retained heat from manufacture, which has an ignition temperature below 212oF (100oC), or which burns so vigorously or persistently when ignited that it creates a serious hazard. Flammable solids include finely divided solid materials which when dispersed in air as a cloud could be ignited and cause an explosion.

Appendix VI-A

2.1.4 Flammable solids.

2.1.4.1 Organic solids. Examples: camphor, cellulose nitrate and napthalene.

2.1.4.2 Inorganic solids. Examples: decaborane, lithium amide, phosphorous heptasulfide, phosphorous sesquisulfide, potassium sulfide, anhydrous sodium sulfide and sulfur.

2.1.4.3 Combustible metals (except dusts and powders). Examples: cesium, magnesium and zirconium.

2.1.4.4 Combustible dusts and powders (including metals). Examples: wood sawdust, plastics, coal, flour and powdered metals (few exceptions).

Question 9 – Is the chief allowed to prohibit the use of fireworks in hazardous fire areas as authorized by Appendix II-A?

Answer to question 9: Yes. Appendix II-A of the fire code has been adopted and may be enforced as such. When the chief has identified a hazardous fire area, Section 10 of Appendix II-A prohibits the possession or use of fireworks in such areas.

Reference for question 9:

MUFC SECTION 10 - FIREWORKS Fireworks shall not be used or possessed in hazardous fire areas. The chief is authorized to seize, take, remove or cause to be removed fireworks in violation of Section 10.

NOTE: The State Fire Marshal Division is currently in the process of adopting the International Fire Code and anticipates that a similar analysis of fireworks requirements under the new code will be needed.

State Fire Marshal FAQ for Enforcers April 30, 2002 Page 5 of 5 www.fire.state.mn.us Questions:

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